Vegans can find natural source of vitamin B12 in nutritional yeast, fortified cereals, fortified soy milk, fortified meat analogues (foods made using wheat gluten or soybeans to resemble animal flesh), as well as vitamin B12 supplements that are recommended to be taken during pregnancy and conception Pregnant women, particularly, must take special care to fortify themselves with all the nutrients for their developing babies
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Central nervous system research
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Common adverse effects include: Injection site reactions pain, redness, swelling, or bruising at the intramuscular injection site Gastrointestinal disturbances nausea, diarrhoea, or abdominal discomfort Headache and dizziness particularly following initial doses Skin reactions including rash, pruritus, or acne-like eruptions Flushing temporary redness of the skin Chromaturia red-coloured urine (harmless but can cause concern if unexpected) Less common but more serious reactions include: Hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild urticaria to anaphylaxis (rare but potentially life-threatening) Hypokalaemia particularly during initial treatment when rapid cell production occurs [5] [16] Temporary changes in blood counts during correction of deficiency Interference with laboratory tests primarily with high-dose IV hydroxocobalamin used for cyanide poisoning, not typically with standard 1mg IM replacement doses Cautions and contraindications: Hypersensitivity to cobalt or vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin should be avoided in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy [2] [17] Chloramphenicol may reduce the haematological response to B12 therapy Patients receiving B12 injections outside clinical necessity face unnecessary risks without proven benefit
No overall differences in safety or efficacy were detected between these patients and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out
